ON THIS PAGE

Reconciling Leadership–Diversity Interaction Claims with Published SME Survey Summaries

Zora Goodwin1
1University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA

Abstract

Published small-business surveys often report moderation coefficients, simple slopes, and model fit separately. This methodological secondary analysis examines published summaries from a survey of 350 SME-associated respondents in Pakistan; it does not re-estimate the authors’ structural model. If the reported correlations refer to the same standardized scores, an additive two-predictor regression would explain 7.184% of the variance in self-reported success, including 1.906% of shared additive association. If those scores and the published path coefficients also enter one common standardized-score regression, the coefficients imply an interaction-model R2 of 0.42188, whereas the figure reports 0.444; ordinary three-decimal rounding cannot bridge the gap. Holding the other inputs fixed would require a product coefficient of 0.61525 rather than 0.597. Separately, the three displayed conditional slopes place the mean-diversity evaluation only 6.12% of the way from low to high, although their labels specify equally spaced −1, 0, and +1 standard deviations. These are conditional reconciliation diagnostics, not corrected coefficients or evidence that the underlying SmartPLS model was fitted incorrectly: its score definitions, product normalization, coefficient covariance, evaluation points, and respondent structure were unavailable. The reported summaries alone cannot establish an interpretable leadership–diversity complementarity effect.

Related Articles
Iryna Forkun1, Yurii Radionov2, Nina Petrukha Nina Petrukha3, Serhii Petrukha4, Oleksandr Zinevych5
1Department of Finance, Banking, Insurance and Stock Market, Faculty of Economics and Management, Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
2Department of Financial, Credit and Tax Policy, National Scientific Centre “Institute of Agrarian Economics”, Kyiv, Ukraine
3Department of Management in Construction, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine
4Department of Transport and Logistics, West Ukrainian National University, Ternopil, Ukraine
5Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Kyiv, Ukraine
Jian Liu1, Hui Fu1, Mingming Shi1, Xian Zheng2
1State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Research Institute Co., Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
2State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
Ravi Dubey1, Arpit Sharma2, Sharad Kumar Pandey3
1Advocate, Maahir Associates–Legal Solution, Lucknow, India
2School of Law, Forensic Justice and Policy Studies, National Forensic Sciences University, Delhi Campus, India
3Symbiosis Law School, Noida Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
Da Li1, Jing Zhou2, Qiyan Tan1
1School of Arts, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330027, China
2School of Music, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330038, China

Citation

Zora Goodwin. Reconciling Leadership–Diversity Interaction Claims with Published SME Survey Summaries[J], Archives Des Sciences, Volume 75 , Issue 6, 2025. 86-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.68304/as/75610.