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This study aimed at finding out the sustainable tourism development as disciplinary acts in Nusa Dua areas. It was designed as qualitative study generated the phenomenon in inductive way. The sustainable tourism development was obtained by concerning the disciplinary framework; disciplinary domain, disciplinary technique, disciplinary procedure, and disciplinary object. There were five stakeholders of Balinese tourism government in Nusa Dua involved as the informants selected by using purposive sampling technique. The data were collected through observation, in-depth interview, and document analysis. The instruments were interview guide consisted of open-ended questionnaire and note. The collected data were analyzed by using Descriptive Qualitative Analysis. The result showed that; 1) there were eight domains; tourism values, human rights, sustainable tourism implementation, sustainable organization foundation, sustainable development foundation, local value, outcomes (economic, cultural, social, and environment), SDGs implementation. 2) The disciplinary technique was conducted based on the domains. 3) The disciplinary procedure focused on the social and cultural reproduction by adapting the local values of Tri Hita Karana as a way for preserving the culture, social aspects, and environment, and 4) the disciplinary objects were referred to the local residents, visitors, and organizational stakeholders. The current findings implicated the existence of sustainable tourism development to preserve the local social cultural environment from the negative impact of tourism development through its implementation as disciplinary acts.
Sustainability in tourism has become a current concern nowadays. Sustainable tourism is defined as an approach to minimizing the negative impacts of the business’s development [1]. It emphasizes an effort to reduce negativity while conducting business. Besides, sustainable tourism covers a quality of life and environment [2]. It deals with the continuity of the natural resources to give satisfying experiences for visitors. It also balances the needs of the tourism industry for all parties which leads to mutual goals and cooperation among visitors, environment, and society. It can be said that sustainable tourism is a way to give a balance between industry and the environment to get harmonious results.
In dealing with sustainable tourism, sustainability mainly concerns reducing negative effects, particularly on the economy, environment, and culture [3]. In line with this matter, Tamaratika and Rosyidie [4] and Sugiri and Mahyumi [5] state that environmental sustainability is achieved by utilizing environmental resources. It can be done by maintaining essential ecological processes and conserving natural heritage. In addition, economic sustainability is achieved by supporting economic development and providing job opportunities. Furthermore, sociocultural sustainability is achieved by maintaining tolerance, cultural heritage, and local cultures. Sustainable tourism aims to improve tourist satisfaction and harmony [6,7]. The satisfaction can be obtained from the nature of the environment and harmony can be achieved from the tolerance.
Some principles are needed to be considered in maintaining the sustainability. [8] and Sugiri and Mahyumi [5] mention three principles covering a) preserving culture and nature, b) based on the cultural and social value of the local community, and c) giving economic benefits. In addition, Amerta et al. [9] state seven main principles, namely a) appreciating the cultures and environment, b) strengthening the existing local potential of the area, c) preserving the environment, d) aligning the local people, tourists, and environment, e) emphasizing on benefits to local communities, f) preventing damage of natural resources, and g) monitoring changes on tourism development. Moreover, the principles of tourism sustainability are framed in the Article 5 of the 2009 Tourism Law cited by Nurjaya [10] covering a) religious norms and cultural values, b) cultural diversity and the local wisdom, c) preserving environment and resources, d) integrating community and government, e) complying with the global codes of ethics on tourism and international agreement, and f) strengthening the integrity of the State of Republic of Indonesia. In conclusion, these principles deal with economy, culture, and environment.
A sustainable tourism is also perceived as a way for improving the tourism growth of a certain area [11]. The current phenomenon shows that many regions increase their tourism growth by developing a sustainable tourism [11-13]. The implementation of sustainability tourism has been widely recognized as a promotion to minimize the negative impact of tourism towards the society and environment [14]. In contrast, the current situation indicates that the implementation of sustainable tourism not overcomes the negative impact of tourism optimally [12]. As a response to this issue, many stakeholders practically implement sustainability through the establishment of regulation or known as conditioning process [15]. Therefore, many cases show that sustainability tourism reflected on the regulation established as disciplinary acts.
A deep understanding towards an existing framework in a certain field is intended to be obtained based on several disciplinary standards known as disciplinary acts [16]. Those are implemented to find analysis the gaps among the implementation of sustainable tourism development to determine the ultimate scenario bridging the economic, socio-cultural, and environmental needs of a certain region [17-19]. Foucault [20] establish a theoretical framework of governmentality analysis of disciplinary acts discrete; disciplinary domain, disciplinary technique, disciplinary object, and disciplinary procedure. Those dimensions are commonly perceived as ways used to examine and organize a hierarchical manner, systematically procedure, and structure of a certain implementation in a disciplinary action. Disciplinary domain deals with the perspective of why disciplinary object required to be achieved based on mutual reasons and interests [21]. Foucault [22] argues that disciplinary technique demonstrating the relationship between rules, processes, and the operational concepts related to disciplinary domain. It is added that the dimensions also cover the disciplinary object and disciplinary procedure. Disciplinary object defines the required contributions given by each participant involved in sustainable development meanwhile disciplinary procedure representing the social and cultural reproduction in the framework of sustainable development [20].
These disciplinary acts have been conducted in Nusa Dua, Bali in which the government publishes regulations or policies ruled the tourism ethics as a way for optimizing the sustainability tourism. The policy is published by The Minister of Tourism and Economic through the regulation of creative economy, number 9, 2021. It is supported by the regional regulations, such as; the regional regulation number 5 of 2020, the governor regulation number 28 0f 2020, the governor regulation number 52 of 2021, the regional regulation number 5 of 2021. Those regulations concern the standards used for conducting Balinese cultural tourism. The optimalization of sustainability tourism can be obtained through the regulations. Several researches show that the tourism policies or regulation reflect a wider context of sustainable tourism. Higgins-Desbiolles et al., [23] reveal that the tourism policy framing the peace and justice in sustainable tourism development contributed to the society. Meanwhile, Liu et al., [24] find out that the tourism regulation reflecting the challenges and opportunities in developing sustainable development. In addition, further study requires to be conducted to obtain the optimalization of sustainable tourism in Nusa Dua, Bali to overcome the negative impact of tourism. Therefore, this study is conducted to find out the sustainability tourism perceived as disciplinary acts to optimize the implementation itself by investigating the regulatory framework, certification processes, and the understanding of sustainable tourism among tourist professionals in Bali, with the aim of illustrating the implementation of disciplinary practices in everyday life. Thus, the disciplinary framework; disciplinary domain, disciplinary technique, disciplinary object, and disciplinary procedure are used to obtain and analysis the data.
Sustainable tourism development is widely perceived as a way for overcoming negative impact of tourism development otherwise as a non-fluctuating of tourism phenomenon [25]. A successful sustainable development depends on three aspects; environment, socio-culture, and economic [26]. Khaenamkhaew et al., [27] mentions that a strong social community system plays a major role in sustainable tourism development. It is also added that sustainable tourism development is a discipline in determining the scenario to meet economic, sociocultural, and environmental needs in a certain region [28].
In obtaining the implementation of sustainable tourism development, a disciplinary standard framework is required. Foucault [20] proposed a theoretical framework of governmentality analysis of disciplinary acts discrete; disciplinary domain, disciplinary technique, disciplinary object, and disciplinary procedure. Those are widely used to examine and organize a hierarchical manner, systematically procedure, and structure of a certain implementation in a disciplinary action. Disciplinary domain is referred to the reason of disciplinary object is required to achieve (Tribe, 2009). Foucault [22] states that disciplinary technique showing the relationship among rules, processes, and the operational concepts of conducting sustainable tourism development. Disciplinary object deals with the contribution of participants or stakeholders who conduct the sustainable tourism development. In addition, disciplinary procedure representing the social and cultural reproduction in the framework of sustainable development [20].
Many studies had been conducted to discuss the sustainable tourism development as disciplinary acts. Farsari [29] conducted a study revealing that the network and public-private partnership contributed by government and organization were the disciplinary domain of sustainable tourism development. It was relevant to the finding showing that humans resources were the main component in conducting sustainable tourism development as disciplinary domain in framing the policy and rule [23,24,30]. Further studies also conducted to find out the technique in implementing sustainable development. Several studies showed that educational training was the most frequent technique adapted to improve humans’ resources quality [27,31-33]. Other findings revealed that the cultural representative was focused on the adaptation of local values as the disciplinary procedure [34-37]. Those studies supported the previous theory related to sustainable tourism development as disciplinary acts that need more elaboration to gain deeper insight.
This research was conducted by adapting qualitative approach in which it generatively explores the phenomenon in inductive way. It concerns on finding the disciplinary acts formed in the process of sustainable tourism development conducted in Nusa Dua areas organized by Indonesia Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC). There were five stakeholders of Balinese tourism government in Nusa Dua who were selected by using snowballing technique. The data were obtained by conducting in-depth interview, and document analysis. The instruments were interview guide consisted of open-ended questionnaire and note. The collected data were analyzed by using Descriptive Qualitative Analysis proposed by Miles et al., [38]. The data were analyzed by three main processes; data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion. Data reduction was a process in which the obtained data were filtered based on the disciplinary acts domain proposed by Foucault [20] covering; disciplinary domain, disciplinary technique, disciplinary object, and disciplinary procedure. Data display was the process of presenting the findings in the form of table and description since the data were categorized as qualitative data. Drawing conclusion was the last step of concluding the findings of this study.
The findings of this study were elaborated based on the framework of disciplinary acts proposed by Foucault [20] related to the sustainable tourism development conducted in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. There were four domains, such as; disciplinary domain, disciplinary technique, disciplinary object, and disciplinary procedure. Those were elaborated as follows.
Since disciplinary domain concerned on the perspective of why disciplinary object needed to be achieved based on the mutual reasons and interests, the current study found out that there were eight foundations becoming the reasons of conducting sustainable tourism development in Nusa Dua areas. Those were presented in table 1.
| No. | Disciplinary Domain | Reference Number |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Tourism Values | Document No.1 |
| 2. | Human Rights in Tourism | |
| 3. | Sustainable Tourism Implementation | Document No. 2 and 8 |
| 4. | Foundation of Sustainable Organization | Document No. 3, 4, and 5 |
| 5. | Foundation of Sustainable Development | Document No. 6 |
| 6. | Tri Hita Karana (Balinese Local Values) | |
| Parhyangan: Harmonious relation between God and human | ||
| Pawongan: Harmonious relation between humans | ||
| Palemahan: Harmonious relation between human and environment | ||
| 7. | Economic, Cultural, Social, and Environment Outcomes | Document No. 7 |
| 8. | Implementation of SDGs in Tourism | Document No. 2 and 7 |
Table 1 indicated the identification result related to disciplinary domain of sustainable tourism development conducted in Nusa Dua areas. The result showed that the first document which was “Framework Convention on Tourism Ethics 2020” remarked UNWTO’s latest version on ethical principles in tourism. It provided responsible, sustainable, and universal tourism access as UNWTO tourism values, while emphasizing freedom of movement and rejecting exploitation as human rights in tourism. Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry of Indonesia and Earth Check’s were the parties supported the sustainable development by underlying the emphasize of economic, cultural, social, and environment aspects as formation of concepts through the published of the guidelines of sustainable tourism destination (document 2), the standard of sustainable development for tourism destination (document 7), and the implementation of report on sustainable tourism activities (document 8). Those documents utilized the different criterion resulting different domains. In addition, it was found out that the document 2 provided detailed explanation related on how the ministry developed sustainable tourism guideline “sustainable socio-economy, culture, environment, and development” criterion. Meanwhile document number 8 demonstrated the implementation of sustainable development using evidence-based evaluation. It was related to the document 7 exemplified Earth Check’s approach on how to setup and operate benchmarking infrastructures, resulting in economic, social, cultural, and environmental outcomes as the baseline of continuous improvement. This difference was also identified in SDGs alignment between document 2 and 7 comparing the criterion of both documents to divulge their difference on scope and context of sustainable tourism.
Other documents focused on the different issues in developing sustainable tourism development. The document number 3 related to the regional regulation of Bali, number 5, 2020 titled “The Standard of Implementing Bali’s Cultural Tourism” dealing with the provision of cultural tourism. It was supported with the foundation of sustainable organization and development as mention in document 4 and 5. Those provided the definition of entities, qualities, and restrictions on sustainable organization and development along with specific conduct for tourism hosts in Bali. Meanwhile document 6 elaborated Balinese local values on Tri Hita Karana as a foundation or practical interpretation of harmonious relations. Parahyangan covered the harmonious relationship between humans and god. Pawongan dealt with the relationship between humans and humans. Palemahan was related to the relationship between humans and environment. Those results showed that there was no similarity between disciplinary domains presenting the variance of sustainable tourism vision between UNWTO, Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry of Indonesia, Bali Regional Government, Tri Hita Karana Foundation, and EarthCheck.
The finding revealed the role of disciplinary domain in facilitating the existence and implementation of sustainable tourism development perceived as disciplinary technique enabling tourism to enforce values, principles, and ideas through the utilization of power technologies. The disciplinary techniques were presented in Table 2.
| Disciplinary Domain | Disciplinary Technique | Implementation |
| Tourism Values Humans Right in Tourism | Practical application of tourism values |
– Responsible tourism in everyday tourism activities
– Sustainable tourism in everyday tourism activities – Universal access of tourism in everyday tourism activities |
| Purpose of conducting tourism |
– Simultaneous fulfilment of today and future generation’s needs
– Social Equality – Passing cultural heritage to next generation |
|
| Sustainable Tourism Implementation | Guidelines |
– Tourism impact analysis with public participation
– Socio-economic guidelines – Cultural guidelines – Environmental guidelines |
| Organization |
– Organization establishment and operationalization
– Social justice in organization – Energy usage in organization – Animal protection and welfare in organization – Waste management in organization |
|
| Strategy | – Foundation of sustainable tourism planning | |
| System |
– System operationalization within sustainable organization
– System foundation on socio-economic – System foundation on culture – System foundation on environment |
|
| Promotion/Information |
– General foundation of sustainable promotion/information
– Cultural foundation of sustainable promotion/information – Socio-economic foundation of sustainable promotion/information |
|
| Foundation of Sustainable Organizational and Development | Standarization |
– Standarization of cultural tourism conduct
– Standarization of human resources quality |
| Implementation | – One-stop digital portal of tourism | |
| Economic, Cultural, Social, and Environment Outcomes | Non-benchmarking |
– Organizational structure of sustainable tourism
– Organizational approach of sustainable tourism – Sustainable tourism guidelines – Sustainable tourism policy – Foundation of strategy and execution – Foundation of promotion and publication – Foundation of system |
| Benchmarking |
– Foundation of benchmarking
– Environment benchmarking – Cultural benchmarking – Social benchmarking – Economic benchmarking |
Table 2 presented the disciplinary technique implemented for each disciplinary domain in sustainable tourism development. UNWTO implemented two disciplinary techniques to efficiently tackle its disciplinary scope. The primary technique offered a conceptual structure for the integration of sustainable tourism, responsible tourism, and inclusive tourism which was achieved through the integration of social norms, inclusivity, and respect within standard tourism practices as guiding principles for conducting tourism. The consecutive technique covered the framework systematically to achieve the goal of participating in tourism in which all parties involved were required to endeavor to meet the intergenerational needs in the present and future, promoted social equity, and preserved cultural legacy for subsequent generations. The Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry of Indonesia employed a disciplinary technique encompassed norms, organizational structures, strategic approaches, systematic processes, and promotional and informational activities. Each technique incorporated socio-economic, cultural, and environmental aspects, with several techniques specifically addressing social justice, energy use, and public involvement in the examination of tourist impacts.
In contrast, the Regional Government of Bali aimed to realize its vision of cultural tourism in Bali through the implementation of standardization measures, specifically focusing on the implementation of cultural tourism and the quality of human resources involved in this sector. The Government has adopted a technology of power known as the One-Stop Digital Portal of Tourism as means to implement cultural tourism of Bali. This initiative aimed at integrating many stakeholders in the tourism industry by providing a centralized platform offering services; hotel reservations, e-ticketing, online transportation, digital marketplace, and cashless integration. The implementation of the digital marketplace, Balimall.id, and the integration of cashless payment system, BaliPay had been observed in practical settings. However, it was important to note that the development of the associated portal had not been realized yet.
The EarthCheck introduced another consecutive disciplinary approach. It was imperative for the stakeholders to establish a well-defined infrastructural framework in order to facilitate the use of benchmarking as a power technology (non-benchmarking disciplinary technique). This configuration encompassed various aspects, such as; organizational structure and approach, the establishment of guidelines and policy, and the implementation of strategic and tactical elements. Second, the right execution of benchmarking necessitated the collection and analysis of specific data pertaining to the environment, culture, society, and economy by building on the previous technique. Subsequently, the results should be reported to the general public, and actions for continual improvement should be undertaken based on the insights derived from the data. In addition, the domain related to Balinese local culture was not found in having any relationship with the disciplinary techniques applied by the stakeholders in conducting the sustainable tourism development.
The current findings indicated that the ITDC effectively employed disciplinary techniques to establish its disciplinary domain. These techniques included the provision of education and training in digital marketing, basic Chinese language skills, and enabling the local inhabitants to produce and sell Western cuisine for visitors. Additionally, the ITDC facilitated corporate social responsibility for hotels through number of initiatives. The analysis of the interview also highlighted one particular manner in which the distribution of social welfare was conceptualized as a technology power. During the pandemic, this particular institution collaborated with the Regional Government of Bali to allocate social welfare benefits to the local people. It utilized this opportunity to disseminate information regarding appropriate behavior within the intricate social context. The institution also organized several meetings and communication events to facilitate interaction between the involved parties in a disciplinary context. These included tenant visits, when directors from the ITDC initiated private meetings with the hotels’ directors to address their problems, as well as sales-marcomm meetings, general manager meetings, and visits to the local community.
The disciplinary procedure was also obtained due to the implementation of each technique in which the procedure showed the social and cultural reproduction in sustainable tourism development. The interview and document analysis result related to the procedure was presented in Table 3.
| Disciplinary Procedure | Implementation |
|---|---|
| Ideal implementation of Parhyangan | Sacred site in tourism destination |
| Enabling Balinese culture and heritage to flourish | |
| Organizational habits in Balinese religion, heritage, and culture | |
| Organizational participation in Balinese cultural activities | |
| Ideal implementation of Pawongan | Establishment and operationalization of social organization |
| Organizational management | |
| Humanitarian programs | |
| Disability services and facilities in tourism destination | |
| Cooperation and external relations | |
| Ideal implementation of Palemahan | Man-made facilities in tourism destination |
| Land use in tourism destination | |
| Facility management in tourism organization | |
| Cooperation and External relations |
The current finding was focused on the social and cultural reproduction on the sustainable tourism development in which it was referred to the use of local wisdom or value existing among Balinese society. The development adapted tri hita karana as the foundation in conducting sustainable tourism in which it dealt with the three relationships to build harmony. Parhyangan reproduced a warning or specific treatment on the sacred site in tourism destination. It also enabled the Balinese culture and heritage to flourish. It dealt with the organizational habits in Balinese religion, heritage, and culture. The implementation also involved the participation of organizational members in preserving Balinese culture through the provision of cultural activities. Meanwhile, Pawongan was a local value dealing with the relationship between human and human. The implementation of Pawongan concerned on several regulations related to; 1) establishment and operationalization of social organization, 2) organizational management, 3) humanitarian programs, 4) disability services and facilities in tourism destination, and 5) cooperation and external relations. In addition, Palemahan covered several strategies related to the environment such as; 1) man-made facilities in tourism destination, 2) land used in tourism destination, 3) facility management in tourism organization, 4) cooperation and external relations. Tri Hita Karana became the foundation in reproducing the social and cultural implementation to support the sustainable tourism development including preserving Balinese nature and culture.
Since the disciplinary object dealt with the contribution given by several parties in conducting sustainable tourism development. The result related to disciplinary object was presented in Table 4, as follows.
| Reference No. | Disciplinary Objects | |||||||||
| Document No. 1 | Public authority | Tourism professional | Local residents | Tourists | Press | |||||
| Document No. 2 | DMO | Local residents | Indigenous residents | Tourism enterprise | Visitors | |||||
| Document No. 3, 4, and 5 | Tourism organization | Tourism human resources | Tourism human resources developer | Tourism research and development providers | Tourism products | Quality Tourists | ||||
| Document No. 6 | Hotels | Tourism attraction (destination) | Institution | Higher education campus | School | |||||
| Document No. 7 | Destination authority | Destination stakeholders | Green team coordinator | Green team | Local residents | |||||
| Transcript No. 10 | Tenant (hotels in the complex) | Local Residents | ||||||||
Table 4 indicated that there was no consistent object identified in the textual document and interview transcript regarding to diverse disciplinary subjects. It was found that disciplinary objects but none possessed the capacity to substitute one another. Two examples involved in this matter were tourism structures, which included public authorities, destination authorities, destination management organizations, tourism enterprises, and tourism organizations, and tourism hosts such as; local residents, tourism professionals, indigenous residents, and destination stakeholders. These entities presented a many-to-many relational arrangement (cardinality) between them. It also illustrated the object’s exposure to multiple disciplinary domains and techniques, particularly for similar objects between disciplinary acts. It was exemplified by tourist or visitors. The Regional Government of Bali also involved in this act to provide a definition for “quality tourists” as individuals who exhibited certain characteristics; 1) demonstrating respect for cultural values, traditions, and local wisdom; 2) displaying environmentally friendly behaviors, 3) engaging in longer stays, 4) contributing more financial, 5) empowering local resources, 6) expressing commitment to repeated visits, and 7) utilizing tourist transportation services in an appropriate manner. Those characteristics were contrast with other definitions of tourism provided by UNWTO (document number 1), the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of Indonesia (document number 2), and EarthCheck (document number 7), but the same tourists/visitors were also required to align with every document which encompassed various values, principles, concepts, power technologies, and worldviews. The result above specifically showed that the disciplinary object in supporting the sustainable tourism development was mainly referred to the visitors or tourists supported with the involvement of organizational stakeholders.
Based on the current findings obtained from the disciplinary acts’ framework related to the disciplinary domain, disciplinary procedure, disciplinary technique, and disciplinary object indicated that the sustainable tourism development emphasized and underlined by several values; social, cultural, and law. The disciplinary domain covered the sustainable organization as the foundation to support the tourism development in Nusa Dua areas was relevant to the previous study conducted by Farsari [29]. The study found out that a flexible relationship occurred in tourism industry was perceived in the form of networks and public-private partnerships between the organization and government involved in the tourism industry itself. In addition, the human right was one of disciplinary domains found in sustainable tourism development conducted in Nusa Dua areas. This finding supported the previous study conducted by Dwyer [30]. It revealed that human well being was an essential dimension required in conducting sustainable development since the assessment of tourism showed that human well-being becoming an indicator in achieving the global tourism industry change in SDG 2030 agenda. The implementation SGDs in developing sustainable tourism in Nusa Dua areas had been found in the current study as the further action to the study conducted by Dube [39]. As a previous study, it was found out that many developed countries were remedy in achieving SDGs since there was a need of collaborative approach involving various stakeholders included the academics. The current study showed that SDGs as a part of disciplinary domain had involved various stakeholders including; local resident, government, tourist, and academic in implementing sustainable tourism development in Nusa Dua Areas. It was also revealed that disciplinary domains functioned to elaborate why the discipline object influencing the construction of sustainable development. It was along with the definition of disciplinary domain proposed by Hung et al., [40] defining that disciplinary domain has perceived as an indicator dealing with how the discipline object affecting the implementation of sustainable tourism development.
The current study presented that the ITDC had employed disciplinary technique to establish its disciplinary domain. Establishing the provision education training as one of disciplinary technique was a further action to optimize the sustainable tourism development in Nusa Dua areas. It was required to improve the quality of human resources in tourism industry as the participants in developing the tourism industry itself [31]. It strengthened the previous study conducted by Khaenamkhaew et al., [27] showing that the academic training was still needed to promote the sustainable tourism development to increase the competitiveness of its community. The current finding was also perceived as the further action from the recommendation of previous study to provide on-going educational program in sustainable tourism development [32]. It also supported the previous study showing that the fairly knowledgeable tourism among the community impacted the sustainable tourism development [33]. It indicated that the technique found in sustainable tourism development in Nusa Dua areas had fulfilled the demands of tourism industry.
The disciplinary procedure concerned on the social and cultural reproduction on sustainable tourism development had been found in the present study. It was found that the local value “Tri Hita Karana” was adapted as the foundation in preserving the Balinese culture and social aspect including the environment. The finding was relevant to the study conducted by Wiwin [37]. The study discovered that Tri Hita Karana was implemented as the barrier to limit the negative impacts of globalization occurred in sustainable tourism development as a way of preserving the culture. Pujaastawa and Sudana [36] conducted a study revealing that Tri Hita Karana increased the implication towards social- economic welfare and culture. It also discovered that the value of Palemahani as a part of Tri Hita Karana implicated the environment as well which was relevant to the current finding.
The disciplinary objects found in the sustainable tourism development in Nusa Dua areas were varied mostly referred to the visitors and organizational stakeholders. It was relevant to the previous studies indicating that sustainable tourism was not only positioned as tourists’ consumption but it was situated for the local residents and other organizational stakeholders in protecting the across areas [34,35]. Khaenamkhaew et al. [27], discovered a similar finding showing that the community leaders were actively involved in conducting mutual sharing of sustainable development in Thailand. However, the current finding strengthened the previous study revealing that human relation in the form of collaborations among the participants were required for more sustainable tourism development [41].
Based on the current findings that have been discussed in the previous section, it concludes that the sustainable tourism development in Nusa Dua areas is conducted as disciplinary acts. It is presented through the disciplinary framework covering disciplinary domain, disciplinary technique, disciplinary procedure, and disciplinary object. The disciplinary domain is separated into eight domains; tourism values, human rights, sustainable tourism implementation, sustainable organization foundation, sustainable development foundation, local value, outcomes (economic, cultural, social, and environment), SDGs implementation. The disciplinary technique is conducted based on the domains. The tourism values and human’s rights are implemented by using practical and purposive application. The sustainable tourism implementation is conducted through the techniques; guidelines, organization, strategy, system, and promotion/information. The sustainable organizational and development was conducted through standardization and implementation itself. The outcomes are conducted in non-benchmarking and benchmarking techniques. The disciplinary procedure focuses on the social and cultural reproduction in which it is conducted by adapting the local values of Tri Hita Karana as a way for preserving the culture, social aspects, and environment in sustainable tourism development in Nusa Dua areas. Meanwhile, the disciplinary objects are referred to the local residents, visitors, and organizational stakeholders. The findings implicate the existence of sustainable tourism development as disciplinary acts to limit and overcome the negative impacts of tourism.
